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from __future__ import annotations

from typing import Generic, TypeVar

T = TypeVar("T")


class StackOverflowError(BaseException):
    pass


class StackUnderflowError(BaseException):
    pass


class Stack(Generic[T]):
    """A stack is an abstract data type that serves as a collection of
    elements with two principal operations: push() and pop(). push() adds an
    element to the top of the stack, and pop() removes an element from the top
    of a stack. The order in which elements come off of a stack are
    Last In, First Out (LIFO).
    https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stack_(abstract_data_type)
    """

    def __init__(self, limit: int = 10):
        self.stack: list[T] = []
        self.limit = limit

    def __bool__(self) -> bool:
        return bool(self.stack)

    def __str__(self) -> str:
        return str(self.stack)

    def push(self, data: T) -> None:
        """
        Push an element to the top of the stack.

        >>> S = Stack(2) # stack size = 2
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.push(20)
        >>> print(S)
        [10, 20]

        >>> S = Stack(1) # stack size = 1
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.push(20)
        Traceback (most recent call last):
        ...
        data_structures.stacks.stack.StackOverflowError

        """
        if len(self.stack) >= self.limit:
            raise StackOverflowError
        self.stack.append(data)

    def pop(self) -> T:
        """
        Pop an element off of the top of the stack.

        >>> S = Stack()
        >>> S.push(-5)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.pop()
        10

        >>> Stack().pop()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
        """
        if not self.stack:
            raise StackUnderflowError
        return self.stack.pop()

    def peek(self) -> T:
        """
        Peek at the top-most element of the stack.

        >>> S = Stack()
        >>> S.push(-5)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.peek()
        10

        >>> Stack().peek()
        Traceback (most recent call last):
            ...
        data_structures.stacks.stack.StackUnderflowError
        """
        if not self.stack:
            raise StackUnderflowError
        return self.stack[-1]

    def is_empty(self) -> bool:
        """
        Check if a stack is empty.

        >>> S = Stack()
        >>> S.is_empty()
        True

        >>> S = Stack()
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.is_empty()
        False
        """
        return not bool(self.stack)

    def is_full(self) -> bool:
        """
        >>> S = Stack()
        >>> S.is_full()
        False

        >>> S = Stack(1)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.is_full()
        True
        """
        return self.size() == self.limit

    def size(self) -> int:
        """
        Return the size of the stack.

        >>> S = Stack(3)
        >>> S.size()
        0

        >>> S = Stack(3)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.size()
        1

        >>> S = Stack(3)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> S.push(20)
        >>> S.size()
        2
        """
        return len(self.stack)

    def __contains__(self, item: T) -> bool:
        """
        Check if item is in stack

        >>> S = Stack(3)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> 10 in S
        True

        >>> S = Stack(3)
        >>> S.push(10)
        >>> 20 in S
        False
        """
        return item in self.stack


def test_stack() -> None:
    """
    >>> test_stack()
    """
    stack: Stack[int] = Stack(10)
    assert bool(stack) is False
    assert stack.is_empty() is True
    assert stack.is_full() is False
    assert str(stack) == "[]"

    try:
        _ = stack.pop()
        raise AssertionError  # This should not happen
    except StackUnderflowError:
        assert True  # This should happen

    try:
        _ = stack.peek()
        raise AssertionError  # This should not happen
    except StackUnderflowError:
        assert True  # This should happen

    for i in range(10):
        assert stack.size() == i
        stack.push(i)

    assert bool(stack)
    assert not stack.is_empty()
    assert stack.is_full()
    assert str(stack) == str(list(range(10)))
    assert stack.pop() == 9
    assert stack.peek() == 8

    stack.push(100)
    assert str(stack) == str([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 100])

    try:
        stack.push(200)
        raise AssertionError  # This should not happen
    except StackOverflowError:
        assert True  # This should happen

    assert not stack.is_empty()
    assert stack.size() == 10

    assert 5 in stack
    assert 55 not in stack


if __name__ == "__main__":
    test_stack()

    import doctest

    doctest.testmod()
About this Algorithm

A stack is a basic linear data structure that follows an order in which objects are accessed. The order is called LIFO(Last In First Out)or FILO(First in Last Out). A perfect example of stacks would be plates in a canteen, a pile of books, or a box of Pringles,etc. Stacks are used to implement parsers and evaluation expressions and backtracking algorithms. basic operations are pushing an element into the stack and popping the element out of the stack. We can make use of linked lists or arrays of lists. The stack contains only one pointer "top pointer" which points to the topmost elements of the stack. Insertion and deletion only occurs at one end of the stack.

Standard Stack Operations

  1. push(): inserts the element at the top of the stack.
  2. pop(): When we delete the element at the top of the stack
  3. isEmpty(): It determines whether the stack is empty.
  4. isFull(): determines whether the stack is full or not
  5. peek(): Gets the value of the top element without removing it

Working with Stacks

A pointer called TOP is used to keep track of the top element in the stack. When initializing the stack, we set its value to -1 so that we can check if the stack is empty by comparing TOP == -1. On pushing an element, we increase the value of TOP and place the new element in the position pointed to by TOP. On popping an element, we return the element pointed to by TOP and reduce its value. Before pushing, we check if the stack is already full before popping, we check if the stack is already empty.

Source

  1. Stack Data Structure - GeeksForGeeks
  2. DS-Stack JavaPoint
  3. Stack Data Structure

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