/// ## Spiral Sorting
///
/// Given an n x m array, return the array elements arranged from outermost elements
/// to the middle element, traveling INWARD FROM TOP-LEFT, CLOCKWISE.
pub fn snail<T: Copy>(matrix: &[Vec<T>]) -> Vec<T> {
    // break on empty matrix
    if matrix.is_empty() || matrix[0].is_empty() {
        return vec![];
    }

    let col_count = matrix[0].len();
    let row_count = matrix.len();

    // Initial maximum/minimum indices
    let mut max_col = col_count - 1;
    let mut min_col = 0;
    let mut max_row = row_count - 1;
    let mut min_row = 0;

    // Initial direction is Right because
    // we start from the top-left corner of the matrix at indices [0][0]
    let mut dir = Direction::Right;
    let mut row = 0;
    let mut col = 0;
    let mut result = Vec::new();

    while result.len() < row_count * col_count {
        result.push(matrix[row][col]);
        dir.snail_move(
            &mut col,
            &mut row,
            &mut min_col,
            &mut max_col,
            &mut min_row,
            &mut max_row,
        );
    }

    result
}

enum Direction {
    Right,
    Left,
    Down,
    Up,
}

impl Direction {
    pub fn snail_move(
        &mut self,
        col: &mut usize,
        row: &mut usize,
        min_col: &mut usize,
        max_col: &mut usize,
        min_row: &mut usize,
        max_row: &mut usize,
    ) {
        match self {
            Self::Right => {
                *col = if *col < *max_col {
                    *col + 1
                } else {
                    *self = Self::Down;
                    *min_row += 1;
                    *row = *min_row;
                    *col
                };
            }

            Self::Down => {
                *row = if *row < *max_row {
                    *row + 1
                } else {
                    *self = Self::Left;
                    *max_col -= 1;
                    *col = *max_col;
                    *row
                };
            }

            Self::Left => {
                *col = if *col > usize::MIN && *col > *min_col {
                    *col - 1
                } else {
                    *self = Self::Up;
                    *max_row -= 1;
                    *row = *max_row;
                    *col
                };
            }

            Self::Up => {
                *row = if *row > usize::MIN && *row > *min_row {
                    *row - 1
                } else {
                    *self = Self::Right;
                    *min_col += 1;
                    *col = *min_col;
                    *row
                };
            }
        };
    }
}

#[cfg(test)]
mod test {
    use super::*;

    #[test]
    fn test_empty() {
        let empty: &[Vec<i32>] = &[vec![]];
        assert_eq!(snail(empty), vec![]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_int() {
        let square = &[vec![1, 2, 3], vec![4, 5, 6], vec![7, 8, 9]];
        assert_eq!(snail(square), vec![1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 8, 7, 4, 5]);
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_char() {
        let square = &[
            vec!['S', 'O', 'M'],
            vec!['E', 'T', 'H'],
            vec!['I', 'N', 'G'],
        ];
        assert_eq!(
            snail(square),
            vec!['S', 'O', 'M', 'H', 'G', 'N', 'I', 'E', 'T']
        );
    }

    #[test]
    fn test_rect() {
        let square = &[
            vec!['H', 'E', 'L', 'L'],
            vec!['O', ' ', 'W', 'O'],
            vec!['R', 'L', 'D', ' '],
        ];
        assert_eq!(
            snail(square),
            vec!['H', 'E', 'L', 'L', 'O', ' ', 'D', 'L', 'R', 'O', ' ', 'W']
        );
    }
}